turbulent flow

elaine_dlut1982

Ⅰ. Introduction

Turbulence occurs nearly everywhere in nature: in the oceans, in the atmosphere, in rivers even in stars and galaxies. In fact it is easier to find a turbulent flow than a flow that is really laminar. Here are a few examples of turbulent flows:
①The wake of a ship or submarine is turbulent.
②The swirls and eddies in a fast flowing river are turbulent.
③The air currents in the atmosphere are turbulent.
④Turbulence was observed in the ash plume of the Mt. Spurr volcano as it erupts
⑤The outer layer of the Sun, i.e. the convection zone, is highly turbulent.